Simulation of natural convective heat transfer and entropy generation of nanoparticles around two spheres in horizontal arrangement

Herein, laminar convective heat transfer from two horizontally arranged spheres has been evaluated by using numerical models inside water-based fluids incorporated with alumina (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), and (Cu) nanoparticles. The problem was simulated for different Rayleigh numbers ranging 103 to 106 various volume fractions including 2, 4, 6, 8%. evaluation process included the perspective of both first second thermodynamic laws. In-house FORTRAN code provided solve equations based upon finite method as well Multigrid acceleration. According obtained results, average Nusselt number enhanced 57.4% plates increment constant fraction 2%. In addition, nanoparticle type played a significant role on rate generated entropy. Moreover, introduction Al2O3 nanoparticles into fluid resulted in approaching highest Bejan 0.98. Furthermore, ecological coefficient performance CuO decreased at all numbers. 2%, it raised 2.89 7.8 increasing 106.